Caring for Children with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities

Le référentiel médical TREKK est une collection des meilleures ressources et évidences sur divers sujets. La collection est  constituée par une équipe de synthèse des connaissances à l’Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) et par une  équipe de spécialistes qui contribuent au contenu médical TREKK.

L’équipe de synthèse utilise un cadre hiérarchique des données probantes en forme de pyramide « 4S » (voir le modèle “4S”  Hierarchy of evidence), pour répondre aux besoins des parties prenantes. Pour ce faire, l’équipe effectue à priori une recherche de la littérature à partir des bases de données scientifiques (Cochrane Library, PubMed, TRIP Database) et des moteurs de  recherche internet (Google, Google Scholar). Les résultats sont organisés en 5 volets de présentation :

1. Lignes directrices sur la pratique clinique et algorithmes
2. Survols et résumés des revues systématiques
3. Revues systématiques
4. Études clés

Ressources pour parents et familles, si applicable

En collaboration avec l’équipe de synthèse des connaissances, les spécialistes qui contribuent au contenu TREKK sélectionnent  les items pertinents, présentés ci-dessous. Le référentiel médical TREKK n’est pas conçu comme liste exhaustive du sujet, mais  plutôt comme liste sélectionnée par un consensus d’experts : c’est une liste de ressources fondées sur des données probantes à  date, pertinentes, et utilisables au Service général des urgences médicales. Les ressources à libre accès sont privilégiées (c’est-à- dire, disponibles à tous, gratuites, et sans abonnement nécessaire).

Pour en savoir plus sur l’élaboration de nos référentiels, cliquez ici.

Un grand merci aux spécialistes cliniques et à l’Équipe de synthèse des connaissances qui ont dirigé le développement de ce  référentiel médical.

William Craig, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

Ana Hanlon-Dearman, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FAAP Professor, Pediatric and Child Health, University of Manitoba

Shayna McNeil, MD Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba (v1.0)

Samantha Guitard, MSc Evidence Synthesis Scientist, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

Sarah Elliott, PhD Assistant Director, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Deputy Director, JBI University of Alberta Centre for Knowledge Mobilization

Les ressources développées par TREKK pour les professionnels de la santé, les parents et les familles sont disponibles ici.

Les références en gras correspondent à celles utilisées dans les recommandations finales.

1. TREKK. Algorithm: Care of the Agitated Patient. Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids. 2024.
2. TREKK. Care of the Agitated Patient – Medication Dosing Table. Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids. 2024.
3. Saidinejad M, Foster AA, Santillanes G, et al. Strategies for optimal management of pediatric acute agitation in emergency settings. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2024;5(4):e13255.
4. Center for Autism & Related Disabilities (CARD). Autism and the hospital emergency room: A practical guide for health professionals to meet the needs of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 2021.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Autism spectrum disorder: Updated guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. 2020.
6. Ip A ZL, Brian J. Post-diagnostic management and follow-up care for autism spectrum disorder. 2019.
7. Chun TH, Mace SE, Katz ER. Evaluation and management of children with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part II: Recognition of clinically challenging mental health related conditions presenting with medical or uncertain symptoms. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3).
8. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Autism and developmental disability: Management of distress/agitation. 2015.
9. Hilt RJ, Woodward TA. Agitation treatment for pediatric emergency patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(2):132-8.
10. Bradley E; Intellectual Disabilities Psychiatric Curriculum Planning Committee. Guidelines for Managing the Client with Intellectual Disability in the Emergency Room. Toronto, ON: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto. 2002:1-36.

1. Elliott SA, Rahman S, Scott SD, et al. Seeking Care for Children with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities in the Emergency Department: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review of Parents’ Experiences and Information Needs. Open Access Emerg Med. 2024;16:117‑131.
2. Wolpert KH, Kodish I, Kim SJ, et al. Behavioral management of children with autism in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2023;39(1):45-50.
3. Kouo JL, Kouo TS. A scoping review of targeted interventions and training to facilitate medical encounters for school-aged patients with an autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(8):2829-51.
4. Straus J, Coburn S, Maskell S, et al. Medical encounters for youth with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review of environmental considerations and interventions. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2019;13:1179556519842816.
5. Lytle S, Hunt A, Moratschek S, et al. Youth with autism spectrum disorder in the emergency department. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(3).
6. McGonigle JJ, Venkat A, Beresford C, et al. Management of agitation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders in the emergency department. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014;23(1):83-95. 
7. Scarpinato N, Bradley J, Kurbjun K, et al. Caring for the child with an autism spectrum disorder in the acute care setting. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2010;15(3):244-54.

1. Kannikeswaran N, Roback MG, Burger RK, et al. Comparison of Procedural Sedation Outcomes in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Hosp Pediatr. 2025;15(5):398‑406.
2. Roy MA, Kinlin C, Estes M, MacEachern SJ. Improving patient‑centred care in the emergency department: Implementation of a Sensory Toolkit for children with autism. Paediatr Child Health. 2024;29(4):199‑204.
3. DeGuzman PB, Abooali S, Sadatsafavi H, Bohac G, Sochor M. Back to basics: Practical strategies to reduce sensory overstimulation in the emergency department identified by adults and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Int Emerg Nurs. 2024;72:101384.
4. Efron D, Cull E, Fowler J, Dunn K, Prakash C. Patterns of presentation to a Children’s Hospital Emergency Department of patients with autism and/or intellectual disability with behaviours of concern. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2023;48(1):40‑45.
5. Mannenbach MS, Passe RL, Lovik KK, et al. Caring for children with autism in an emergency department setting. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021;37(12):e977-e80.
6. Liddle M, Sonnentag TL. Effectiveness of adaptive care plans for children with developmental disabilities during outpatient clinic appointments. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(9):3028-38.
7. Kouo T, Bharadwaj N, Kouo J, et al. Assessing ease of delivering emergency care for patients with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021;42(9):704-10.
8. Jones V, Ryan L, Rooker G, et al. An exploration of emergency department visits for home unintentional injuries among children with autism spectrum disorder for evidence to modify injury prevention guidelines. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021;37(10):e589-e93.
9. Gray JM, Roback MG. Case studies of challenges in emergency care for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021;37(12):e1756-e8.
10. Bourke EM, Say DF, Carison A, et al. Emergency mental health presentations in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021;57(10):1572-9.
11. Davignon MN, Friedlaender E, Cronholm PF, et al. Parent and provider perspectives on procedural care for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35(3):207-15.
12. Lindgren S, Lauer E, Momany E, et al. Disability, hospital care, and cost: utilization of emergency and inpatient care by a cohort of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. J Pediatr. 2020;S0022-3476(20)31120-3.
13. Lokhandwala T, Khanna R, West-Strum D. Hospitalization burden among individuals with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012 Jan;42(1):95-104.
14. Kalb LG, Stuart EA, Freedman B, et al. Psychiatric-related emergency department visits among children with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(12):1269-76.
15. McDermott S, Zhou L, Mann J. Injury treatment among children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(4):626-33.

1. ECHO KT. Intellectual Developmental Disorders (IDD). 2026.
2. Inclusion Saskatchewan. Health passport: A plain Language Health Care Tool for People in Saskatchewan. 2020.
3. Developmental Disabilities Primary Care Program. My Hospital Form for Patients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Surrey Place. 2024.
4. Developmental Disabilities Primary Care Program. Trauma-Informed Health Care. Surrey Place. 2024.