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Evidence Repository

Pediatric Fractures

Developed by:ARCHE & TREKK

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Last Updated
Apr 2025

Topic
Fractures

EVIDENCE REPOSITORIES

This evidence repository is a collection of best available resources and evidence collated by a knowledge synthesis team at Alberta Research for Health Evidence (ARCHE) and the clinical content team.

The knowledge synthesis team utilizes a pyramid-shaped framework, built upon the “4S” hierarchy of evidence model, to provide detailed evidence appropriate to meet stakeholders’ needs. They search a combination of databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, TRIP Database) and web-based search engines (Google, Google Scholar) to locate evidence for the knowledge pyramids. Publication types sought in the initial topic searches are organized into five levels that determine the order in which resources are presented:

  1. Bottom Line Recommendations
  2. Clinical Practice Guidelines and Pathways
  3. Overviews and Summaries of Systematic Reviews
  4. Systematic Reviews
  5. Key Studies

Where applicable resources for families and parents are also listed.

Key Studies

The knowledge synthesis team collaborates with the clinical content team to select the most relevant guidelines, reviews, and key studies, which can be found below. This evidence repository is not intended to be an exhaustive list of resources for a topic, but rather a curated list of current, evidence-based resources, based on expert consensus of relevance and usability for a general emergency department setting. Every effort is made to identify resources that are open access (i.e. publicly available, free of charge, not requiring a subscription).

More information about the creation of our evidence repositories can be found here.

Content Team

Thank you to the following clinical content experts and Knowledge Synthesis team who led the development of this evidence repository.

Kathy Boutis, MD, FRCPC; Associate Professor, University of Toronto; Senior Associate Scientist, Child Health Evaluative Sciences; Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children

Taylor Nimchonok, MSc; Medical Student, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba

Liza Bialy, BSc, MPH, Knowledge Synthesis Project Coordinator, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

Sarah Elliott, PhD, Assistant Director, Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta

TREKK developed resources for healthcare providers and parents & families can be found here.

Clinical Practice Guidelines And Pathways

All Fractures

  1. Gimigliano F, Liguori S, Moretti A, et al. A systematic review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of fractures in children to develop the WHO’s Package of Interventions for Rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2022 Apr;58(2):236-241.
  2. Victorian Paediatric Orthopaedic Network. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Paediatric Fractures Guidelines. 2019

Lower Fractures

  1. Kocher M, Sink E, Blasier R, et al. Treatment of Pediatric Diaphyseal Femur Fractures: Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guideline. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2020.
  2. Victorian Paediatric Orthopaedic Network. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. 2019
      1. Hip and proximal femur fractures.
      2. Femoral shaft fractures – emergency department.
      3. Tibial shaft (diaphyseal) fracture – emergency department.
      4. Distal tibia and/or fibula physeal fractures – emergency department.

Upper Fractures

  1. Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. POSNA Study Guide: Upper Extremity. 2019
  2. Victorian Paediatric Orthopaedic Network. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. 2017
    1. Proximal humeral fractures – emergency department.
    2. Wrist fractures.
    3. Forearm fractures.
    4. Clavicle fractures – emergency department.
    5. Elbow fractures.
    6. Humeral shaft fractures – emergency department.
  3. Sanders JO, Heggeness MH, Murray JN, et al. management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with vascular  injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Feb;24(2):e21-3.
  4. Heggeness MH, Sanders JO, Murray J, et al. management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Oct;23(10):e49-51.
  5. Park MJ, Ho CA, Larson AN. AAOS appropriate use criteria: management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. J  Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Oct;23(10):e52-5.
  6. Howard A, Mulpuri K, Abel MF, et al; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The treatment of pediatric  supracondylar humerus fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012 May;20(5):320-7.
  7. Lichtman DM, Randipsingh RR, Boyer MI, et al. The treatment of distal radius fractures: guideline and evidence report. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2009.

Systematic Reviews & Other Reviews

All Fractures

  1. Makarewich CA, McNeely LW, Gohel S, Baldwin KD. Open fractures in pediatric orthopaedics-can pathways improve care? a 1-year pre and postimplementation analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022 Oct 1;42(9):e937-e942.
  2. Boutin A, Misir A, Boutis K. Management of toddler’s fracture: a systematic review with meta- analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022 Feb 1;38(2):49-57.
  3. Bin K, Rony L, Henric N, Moukoko D. Pediatric fracture reduction in the emergency department. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2022 Feb;108(1S):103155.
  4. Boutis K. the emergency evaluation and management of pediatric extremity fractures. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2020 Feb;38(1):31-59.
  5. Boutis K. Common pediatric fractures treated with minimal intervention. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(2):152-7; quiz 8-62.
  6. Gosselin RA, Roberts I, Gillespie WJ. Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004(1):Cd003764.

Lower Fractures

  1. Moore D, Gnap R, Monsell F. Traumatic injuries of the immature hip and pelvis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2024 Feb 1;36(1):90-97.
  2. Chartier LB, Bosco L, Lapointe-Shaw L, et al. Use of point-of-care ultrasound in long bone fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cjem. 2017;19(2):131-42.
  3. Madhuri V, Dutt V, Gahukamble AD, et al. Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(7):Cd009076.
  4. Dowling S, Spooner CH, Liang Y, et al. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and midfoot in children: A meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(4):277-87.

Upper Fractures

  1. Aly AS, Mohamed AM, Al Kersh MA. Management of pediatric distal humerus metaphyseal- diaphyseal junction fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Orthop. 2024 Jun 22;18(4):421-431.
  2. Delniotis I, Bontinis V, Ktenidis K, Drakonaki EE, Galanis N. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound versus X-ray for distal forearm fracturesin children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024 Feb 1.
  3. Hosseini Khameneh SM, Amani-Beni R, Ahadiat SA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for identification of elbow fractures in children; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2023 Sep 10;11(1):e62.
  4. Tsou PY, Ma YK, Wang YH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for upper extremity fractures in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;44:383-394.
  5. Shaterian A, Santos PJF, Lee CJ, et al. Management modalities and outcomes following acute scaphoid fractures in children: A quantitative review and meta-analysis. Hand (N Y). 2019;14(3):305- 10.
  6. Woltz S, Krijnen P, Schipper IB. Plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(12):1051-7.
  7. Runyon RS, Doyle SM. When is it ok to use a splint versus cast and what remodeling can one expect for common pediatric forearm fractures. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29(1):46-54.
  8. Lien J. Pediatric orthopedic injuries: Evidence-based management in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Med Pract. 2017;14(9):1-28.
  9. Knapik DM, Gilmore A, Liu RW. Conservative management of minimally displaced (≤2 mm) fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in pediatric patients: A systematic review. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37(2):e83-e7.
  10. Knapik DM, Fausett CL, Gilmore A, et al. Outcomes of nonoperative pediatric medial humeral epicondyle fractures with and without associated elbow dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37(4):e224-e8.
  11. Hohloch L, Eberbach H, Wagner FC, et al. Age- and severity-adjusted treatment of proximal humerus fractures in children and adolescents-a systematical review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183157.
  12. Vavken P, Bae DS, Waters PM, et al. Treating subscapularis and lesser tuberosity avulsion injuries in skeletally immature patients: A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(5):919-28.
  13. Pace JL. Pediatric and adolescent forearm fractures: Current controversies and treatment recommendations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(11):780-8.
  14. Lenza M, Faloppa F. Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12(12):Cd007121.
  15. Jiang N, Cao ZH, Ma YF, et al. Management of pediatric forearm torus fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32(11):773-8.
  16. Hill CE, Masters JP, Perry DC. A systematic review of alternative splinting versus complete plaster casts for the management of childhood buckle fractures of the wrist. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016;25(2):183-90.
  17. Douma-den Hamer D, Blanker MH, Edens MA, et al. Ultrasound for distal forearm fracture: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155659.
  18. Ben-Yakov M, Boutis K. Buckle fractures of the distal radius in children. Cmaj. 2016;188(7):527.
  19. Hendrickx RP, Campo MM, van Lieshout AP, et al. Above- or below-elbow casts for distal third forearm fractures in children? A meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(12):1663-71.
  20. Abraham A, Kumar S, Chaudhry S, et al. Surgical interventions for diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(11):Cd007907.

Key Studies

All Fractures

  1. Schlacter JA, Roussos D, Masrouha K, et al. Effect of a protocol to reduce radiographic imaging in pediatric patients with suspected fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2023 Jan 1;43(1):61-64.
  2. Kearney L, Thompson J, Zychowicz M, et al. The role of patient and parent education in pediatric cast complications. Orthop Nurs. 2022 Sep-Oct 01;41(5):318-323.
  3. Al-Sani F, Prasad S, Panwar J, et al. Adverse events from emergency physician pediatric extremity radiograph interpretations: a prospective cohort study. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Feb;27(2):128-138.
  4. Caroselli C, Zaccaria E, Blaivas M, et al. A pilot prospective study to validate point-of-care ultrasound in comparison to x-ray examination in detecting fractures. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020 Jan;46(1):11-19.
  5. Yang BW, Waters PM. Conscious sedation and reduction of fractures in the paediatric population: An orthopaedic perspective. J Child Orthop. 2019;13(3):330-3.
  6. Schuh AM, Whitlock KB, Klein EJ. Management of toddler’s fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32(7):452-4.
  7. Naranje SM, Erali RA, Warner WC, Jr., et al. Epidemiology of pediatric fractures presenting to emergency departments in the United States. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(4):e45-8.
  8. Boutis K, Howard A, Constantine E, et al. Evidence into practice: Pediatric orthopaedic surgeon use of removable splints for common pediatric fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(1):18-23.
  9. Alam Khan T, Jamil Khattak Y, Awais M, et al. Utility of complete trauma series radiographs in alert pediatric patients presenting to emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(3):279-85.
  10. Shelmerdine SC, Das R, Ingram MD, et al. Who are we missing? Too few skeletal surveys for children with humeral and femoral fractures. Clin Radiol. 2014;69(12):e512-6.
  11. Koelink E, Boutis K. Paediatrician office follow-up of common minor fractures. Paediatr Child Health. 2014;19(8):407-12.
  12. Boutis K, Howard A, Constantine E, et al. Evidence into practice: Emergency physician management of common pediatric fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(7):462-8.
  13. Barata I, Spencer R, Suppiah A, et al. Emergency ultrasound in the detection of pediatric long-bone fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(11):1154-7.
  14. Sinha TP, Bhoi S, Kumar S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside emergency ultrasound screening for fractures in pediatric trauma patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011;4(4):443-5.
  15. Simanovsky N, Lamdan R, Hiller N, et al. Sonographic detection of radiographically occult fractures in pediatric ankle and wrist injuries. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(2):142-5.

Lower Fractures

  1. Boutin A, Colaco K, Stimec J, et al. Removable boot vs casting of toddler’s fractures: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. Published online April 21, 2025.
  2. Zorovich E, Panaitescu V, Kiel J. Pediatric ankle and foot injuries: identification and management in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Med Pract. 2023 Mar;20(3):1-20.
  3. Nadler A, Tsung JW, Rabiner JE. Point-of-Care ultrasonography for ankle injuries in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022 Jan 1;38(1):e17-e22.
  4. Dasari SP, Kukushliev VV, Graf AR, et al. A retrospective comparison of above- vs below-the-knee cast treatment for salter harris-ii distal tibia fractures. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022 Jan 21;7(1):24730114211069063.
  5. Almeida SI, Rios J, Costa Lima S, Oom P. Applying the Ottawa ankle rules in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022 Mar 1;38(3):e1123-e1126.
  6. Adamich JS, Camp MW. Do toddler’s fractures of the tibia require evaluation and management by an orthopaedic surgeon routinely? Eur J Emerg Med. 2018;25(6):423-8.
  7. Boutis K, Plint A, Stimec J, et al. Radiograph-negative lateral ankle injuries in children: Occult growth plate fracture or sprain? JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(1):e154114.
  8. Boutis K, von Keyserlingk C, Willan A, et al. Cost consequence analysis of implementing the low risk ankle rule in emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;66(5):455-63.e4.
  9. Boutis K, Grootendorst P, Willan A, et al. Effect of the low risk ankle rule on the frequency of radiography in children with ankle injuries. Cmaj. 2013;185(15):E731-8.
  10. Barnett PL, Lee MH, Oh L, et al. Functional outcome after air-stirrup ankle brace or fiberglass backslab for pediatric low-risk ankle fractures: A randomized observer-blinded controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(8):745-9.
  11. Gravel J, Hedrei P, Grimard G, et al. Prospective validation and head-to-head comparison of 3 ankle rules in a pediatric population. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(4):534-40.e1.
  12. Boutis K, Willan AR, Babyn P, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a removable brace versus casting in children with low-risk ankle fractures. Pediatrics. 2007;119(6):e1256-63.
  13. Bulloch B, Neto G, Plint A, et al. Validation of the Ottawa knee rule in children: A multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(1):48-55.
  14. Plint AC, Bulloch B, Osmond MH, et al. Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules in children with ankle injuries. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(10):1005-9.

Upper Fractures

  1. Torres-Izquierdo B, Tippabhatla A, Baldwin K, et al. Is there a role for isolated closed reduction in the emergency department without fixation for displaced proximal humerus fractures in adolescents? J Pediatr Orthop. 2024 Apr 1;44(4):e310-e315.
  2. Snelling PJ, Jones P, Bade D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound versus radiographic imaging for pediatric distal forearm fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2024 Mar;83(3):198-207.
  3. Snelling PJ, Jones P, Bade D, et al. Ultrasonography or radiography for suspected pediatric distal forearm fractures. NEJM. 2023; 388(22).
  4. Perry DC, Achten J, Knight R, et al; FORCE Trial Collaborators; PERUKI. Offer of a bandage versus rigid immobilisation in 4- to 15-year-olds with distal radius torus fractures: the FORCE equivalence RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2022 Jul;26(33):1-78.
  5. Perry DC, Achten J, Knight R, et al; FORCE Collaborators in collaboration with PERUKI. Immobilisation of torus fractures of the wrist in children (FORCE): a randomised controlled equivalence trial in the UK. Lancet. 2022 Jul 2;400(10345):39-47.
  6. Troxler D, Sanchez C, de Trey T, Mayr J, Walther M. Non-inferiority of point-of-care ultrasound compared to radiography to diagnose upper extremity fractures in children. Children (Basel). 2022 Sep 30;9(10):1496.
  7. McCartney CC, Thompson S, Waller G, et al. Gartland type iia supracondylar humerus fractures: outcomes of attempted nonoperative management. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022 Jul 1;42(6):314-320.
  8. Edmonds J, Bignell M, Coward P, et al. Managing children’s forearm fractures in the emergency department. Emerg Nurse. 2022 Jan 4;30(1):18-23.
  9. Rimbaldo KM, Fauteux-Lamarre E, Babl FE, et al. Deformed pediatric forearm fractures: Predictors of successful reduction by emergency providers. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Dec;50:59-65.
  10. Baxter T, To T, Chiu M, Camp M, Howard A. Factors affecting management of children’s low-risk distal radius fractures in the emergency department: a population-based retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2021 Jun 15;9(2):E659-E666.
  11. Pavone V, Vescio A, Lucenti L, et al. Analysis of loss of reduction as risk factor for additional secondary displacement in children with displaced distal radius fractures treated conservatively. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2020 Feb;106(1):193-198.
  12. Porter J, Porter R, Chan KJ. Scaphoid fractures in children: Do we need to x-ray? A retrospective chart review of 144 wrists. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020;36(3):130-3.
  13. Wang JH, Morris WZ, Bafus BT, et al. Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: AAOS appropriate use criteria versus actual management at a pediatric level 1 trauma center. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019;39(8):e578-e85.
  14. Sylvia SM, Maguire KJ, Molho DA, et al. Emergency room closed reduction versus in situ splinting in the treatment of paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. J Child Orthop. 2019;13(3):334-9.
  15. Galletebeitia Laka I, Samson F, Gorostiza I, et al. The utility of clinical ultrasonography in identifying distal forearm fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019;26(2):118- 22.
  16. Epema AC, Spanjer MJB, Ras L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound compared with conventional radiographic evaluation in children with suspected distal forearm fractures in the Netherlands: A diagnostic accuracy study. Emerg Med J. 2019;36(10):613-6.
  17. Dittmer AJ, Molina Dt, Jacobs CA, et al. Pediatric forearm fractures are effectively immobilized with a sugar-tong splint following closed reduction. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019;39(4):e245-e7.
  18. Milner D, Krause E, Hamre K, et al. Outcome of pediatric forearm fracture reductions performed by pediatric emergency medicine providers compared with reductions performed by orthopedic surgeons: A retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(7):451-6.
  19. DeFrancesco CJ, Rogers BH, Shah AS. Obesity increases risk of loss of reduction after casting for diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna in children: An observational cohort study. J Orthop Trauma. 2018;32(2):e46-e51.
  20. Adamich J, Howard A, Camp M. Do all clavicle fractures in children need to be managed by orthopedic surgeons? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(10):706-10.
  21. Abdelhady A, Ahmed A, Umana E, et al. Management of paediatric buckle (torus) wrist fractures in Irish emergency departments: A national survey. Ir Med J. 2018;111(7):793.
  22. Rowlands R, Rippey J, Tie S, et al. Bedside ultrasound vs x-ray for the diagnosis of forearm fractures in children. J Emerg Med. 2017;52(2):208-15.
  23. Poonai N, Myslik F, Joubert G, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound for nonangulated distal forearm fractures in children: Test performance characteristics and patient-centered outcomes. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(5):607-16.
  24. Murthy PG, Vuillermin C, Naqvi MN, et al. Capitellar fractures in children and adolescents: Classification and early results of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(15):1282-90.
  25. Mulders MA, Walenkamp MM, Dubois BF, et al. External validation of clinical decision rules for children with wrist trauma. Pediatr Radiol. 2017;47(5):590-8.
  26. Herzog MM, Whitesell RC, Mac LM, et al. Functional outcomes following non-operative versus operative treatment of clavicle fractures in adolescents. J Child Orthop. 2017;11(4):310-7.
  27. Gladstein AZ, Schade AT, Howard AW, et al. Reducing resource utilization during non-operative treatment of pediatric proximal humerus fractures. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(1):115-8.
  28. Bae DS, Valim C, Connell P, et al. Bivalved versus circumferential cast immobilization for displaced forearm fractures: A randomized clinical trial to assess efficacy and safety. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37(4):239-46.
  29. Ting BL, Kalish LA, Waters PM, et al. Reducing cost and radiation exposure during the treatment of pediatric greenstick fractures of the forearm. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(8):816-20.
  30. Slaar A, Walenkamp MM, Bentohami A, et al. A clinical decision rule for the use of plain radiography in children after acute wrist injury: Development and external validation of the Amsterdam pediatric wrist rules. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(1):50-60.
  31. Schuld JC, Volker ML, Anderson SA, et al. Postsplinting x-rays of nondisplaced hand, wrist, ankle, and foot fractures are unnecessary. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(8):1625-6.
  32. Menachem S, Sharfman ZT, Perets I, et al. Does fluoroscopy improve outcomes in paediatric forearm fracture reduction? Clin Radiol. 2016;71(6):616.e1-5.
  33. Marsh AG, Robertson JS, Godman A, et al. Introduction of a simple guideline to improve neurological assessment in paediatric patients presenting with upper limb fractures. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(4):273-7.
  34. Luther G, Miller P, Waters PM, et al. Radiographic evaluation during treatment of pediatric forearm fractures: Implications on clinical care and cost. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(5):465-71.
  35. Louahem D, Cottalorda J. Acute ischemia and pink pulseless hand in 68 of 404 gartland type III supracondylar humeral fractures in children: Urgent management and therapeutic consensus. Injury. 2016;47(4):848-52.
  36. Koelink E, Schuh S, Howard A, et al. Primary care physician follow-up of distal radius buckle fractures. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1).
  37. Jørgsholm P, Thomsen N, Besjakov J, et al. MRI shows a high incidence of carpal fractures in children with posttraumatic radial-sided wrist tenderness. Acta Orthop. 2016;87(5):533-7.
  38. Davison PG, Boudreau N, Burrows R, et al. Forearm-based ulnar gutter versus hand-based thermoplastic splint for pediatric metacarpal neck fractures: A blinded, randomized trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(3):908-16.
  39. Burnier M, Buisson G, Ricard A, et al. Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in elbow trauma in children: Prospective study of 34 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102(7):839-43.
  40. Bae DS, Gholson JJ, Zurakowski D, et al. Functional outcomes after treatment of scaphoid fractures in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(1):13-8.
  41. Badoi A, Frech-Dörfler M, Häcker FM, et al. Influence of immobilization time on functional outcome in radial neck fractures in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2016;26(6):514-8.
  42. Auer RT, Mazzone P, Robinson L, et al. Childhood obesity increases the risk of failure in the treatment of distal forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(8):e86-e8.
  43. Valencia M, Moraleda L, Díez-Sebastián J. Long-term functional results of neurological complications of pediatric humeral supracondylar fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(6):606-10.
  44. Ryan LM, Teach SJ, Ezeibe U, et al. Is high weight status associated with pediatric forearm fractures requiring anatomic reduction? J Investig Med. 2015;63(4):649-52.
  45. Pesenti S, Litzelmann E, Kahil M, et al. Feasibility of a reduction protocol in the emergency department for diaphyseal forearm fractures in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(5):597-600.
  46. Dubrovsky AS, Kempinska A, Bank I, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography for determining successful realignment of pediatric forearm fractures. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;65(3):260-5.
  47. Callender O, Koe S. Using softcast to treat torus fractures in a paediatric emergency department. Ir Med J. 2015;108(4):117.
  48. Adrian M, Wachtlin D, Kronfeld K, et al. A comparison of intervention and conservative treatment for angulated fractures of the distal forearm in children (AFIC): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:437.
  49. Inglis M, McClelland B, Sutherland LM, et al. Synthetic versus plaster of Paris casts in the treatment of fractures of the forearm in children: A randomised trial of clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-b(9):1285-9.
  50. Colaris JW, Biter LU, Allema JH, et al. Below-elbow cast for metaphyseal both-bone fractures of the distal forearm in children: A randomised multicentre study. Injury. 2012;43(7):1107-11.
  51. Chien M, Bulloch B, Garcia-Filion P, et al. Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric clavicle fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(11):1038-41.
  52. Boutis K, Willan A, Babyn P, et al. Cast versus splint in children with minimally angulated fractures of the distal radius: A randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2010;182(14):1507-12. h
  53. Plint AC, Perry JJ, Correll R, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of removable splinting versus casting for wrist buckle fractures in children. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):691-7.
  54. Davidson JS, Brown DJ, Barnes SN, et al. Simple treatment for torus fractures of the distal radius. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(8):1173-5.

Resources For Families

  1. SickKids. Fracture: How to treat a buckle fracture of the distal radius. 2024
  2. SickKids. Fracture – learning hub. 2024
  3. Drendel A, Helman A. Pediatric procedural sedation. Emergency Medicine Cases. 2016.